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Nanoclusters formed through the use of thiol-modified poly(ethylene glycol) to crosslink cCHPs into a ~ 120-nm nanocluster and/or the external decoration of exosomes with cCHPs to form a ~ 150-nm nanocluster both increase the overall nanoparticle size to the 100- to 200-nm size range optimal for sprayability and storage while controlling the degradation rate (via slow hydrolysis or electrostatic dissociation) to release the small cCHPs over time proximal to the nasal epithelium to enable effective parascapular transport (Fig

If the topics above reflect ongoing symptoms or unanswered concerns, a brief conversation can help clarify whether a root-cause approach is appropriate

For instance, NPs with smaller sizes may have enhanced cellular uptake and bioavailability compared to larger particles

Pathogenic bacteria, such as invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), increase permeability and promote IBD progression by targeting TJ proteins, such as claudin-2 and occludin [112]

Inflammation 44:821834

The myelin sheath comprises lipids, notably phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, neutral lipids, and proteins, including myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) [70]