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Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is a potent vasodilator and promotes NO release.59 Endogenously, the production of CO results from the breakdown of senescent erythrocytes through the heme oxidase pathway (a process known as iron scavenging).60 In vitro, not only does V-B12 bind CO, but reduced V-B12 also catalyzes an oxidation of CO to carbon dioxide using ascorbate as a cofactor.7,8 Ascorbic acid can rapidly reduce/supply electrons to V-B12 to generate the reduced or Co 2+ state and super-reduced or Co 1+ forms

It also blocks the body from absorbing calcium

The mechanism involves enhanced fatty acid oxidation, improved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, and, perhaps most impressively, the browning of white adipose tissue through the ERK signaling pathway

For additional safety information, please see our GLP-1 Safety Information Page

This dual-pathway activation generates greater local cytokine release and nociceptor stimulation, intensifying injection site burning

[PMC free article: PMC7330478] [PubMed: 32470975] Substance Identification Substance Name Vitamin B 12 CAS Registry Number 68-19-9 Drug Class Breast Feeding Milk, Human Vitamin B Complex Vitamins Disclaimer: Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment