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Together, these studies highlight the complex interplay between CKD, neuroinflammation, and gut-derived signals, providing strong evidence that the gut microbiota and its metabolites play a significant role in promoting neuroinflammatory processes in CKD, which in turn contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative changes

In contrast, the monoterpenes in Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot, Shiraz, and Chardonnay are typically below the sensory threshold (Conde et al

Abbreviations AIA: Antigen-Induced Arthritis CIA: Collagen-Induced Arthritis HIF1a: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 alpha IECs: Intestinal Epithelial Cells I-FABP: Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein IFN: Interferon gamma IL: Interleukin LBP: LPS-Binding Protein LPS: Lipopolysaccharide Mlkl: Mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase NSAIDs: Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs PHD: Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain proteins RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis Ripk3: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 sCD14: Soluble CD14 SCFA: Short-Chain Fatty Acid TJs: Tight Junctions TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor ZO-1: Zonula Occludens-1 References Lyu P, Wen J, Zhang W, Liu N, Stolzer I, Giel A, et al

Lippincott.

Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP et al (2015) Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis

doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.02.007 189 YamagishiY.SaigohK.SaitoY.OgawaI.MitsuiY.HamadaY.et al