penn state electronic cigarette dependence index Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the (ECDI) in a Colombian Sample Associations between vaping and daily
Associations between vaping and daily cigarette consumption among individuals with psychological distress In chapter 4 we discuss various methods of assessing nicotine dependence. Jonathan Foulds The Roswell eND scale: Brief, valid assessment of nicotine dependence adults seeking to discontinue e cigarette use ScienceDirect Penn State study: Vapers report less dependence, addiction than cigarette smokers WHYY Vaping FBA by Behavior Data Tracking TPT Nicotine dependence and associated factors among persons who use electronic e cigarettes in Malaysia an online survey Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy Springer Nature Link
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