What Is Dysphonia and How Does It Differ From Other Speech Disorders
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Adolescents report symptoms of dependence even at low levels of cigarette consumption ( Adolescents also exhibit greater behavioral sensitivity and susceptibility to other drugs of abuse after nicotine exposure, contrary to that adults exposed to nicotine do not show enhanced behavioral sensitivity or susceptibility to other drugs of abuse ( In adults' dopamine release is attenuated during withdrawal, thus adolescents do not experience this same decrease in dopamine as adults and thus exhibit lower withdrawal symptoms and aversive effects ( Nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers exhibit signs and symptoms that are characteristically associated with nicotine deprivation in adult smokers ( Microglia and Their Role in CNS Pathophysiology in the Context of Nicotine Addiction Microglia are highly specialized resident immune cells of the brain and play a vital role in surveillance of the brain microenvironment, which enables them to detect and respond to perturbations by altering their own morphology based on the type of insult ( Adolescents are more to susceptible to microglial activation by nicotine as compared to adults which results in long term effects in terms of nicotine induced neuropathology and addiction ( Microglial activation phenotypes are described as (1) classic activation (M1 phenotype), (2) alternative activation (M2a phenotype), (3) alternative type II activation (M2b phenotype), and (4) acquired deactivation (M2c phenotype) ( Immunomodulatory Effects of Nicotine on Microglia Nicotine induces both immunosuppressive and immuno-stimulatory effects in the CNS ( Studies in Adult Mice Models That Highlight Nicotine Induced Microglial Activation and Consequent Inflammatory Response Adeluyi et al
