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(2018) reported that cigarette smoking increases the phylum of Bacteroidetes and decreases the phylum of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in current smokers compared with never smokers

Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol

Adamson J, Thorne D, Zainuddin B, Baxter A, McAughey J, Gaa M

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Not only were these above factors as covariates needed to be considered in this study, but also their interactions with smoking in the association between smoking and osteoporosis/ osteoporotic fracture should be taken into account

It also contains the harmful carbon byproducts of smoking, such as ash and tar