do cigarettes shorten your lifespan Research on smoking and long term health often reports outcomes using measures like death rates, risk ratios, or the chances of reaching certain ages. When these results are translated into life expectancy Mortality in relation to smoking:

Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors PMC Smokers Die Ten Years Sooner Than Non Smokers New study finds exactly how much each cigarette reduces life expectancy Smoking Cessation and Short and Longer Term Mortality NEJM Evidence Mortality and life expectancy in relation to longterm cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking: The Zutphen Study PMC Tobacco use imposes a hereditary burden upon offspring. It elevates the risk of birth defects by 68% and the incidence of brain abnormalities, such as anencephaly (a condition characterized by incomplete brain

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