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Conclusions In conclusion, IQOS presents itself as a valid alternative to traditional cigarettes thanks to its innovative tobacco heating technology, which significantly reduces exposure to harmful substances

Physical abuse during adolescence had an even stronger effect this type of mistreatment at that point in life was linked to 3.7 times higher odds for sharply increased cigarette use

The takeaway: people are smoking less, but the people who still smoke premium are largely sticking with what they know

In our Exposure Response Study, after 3 to 6 months of switching from cigarettes to mainly using THS, oxidative stress measured via the urinary levels of 8-epi-PGF 2 were decreased compared with continued smoking

There is a wide variety in the amount of N -nitrosamines found in different brands of smokeless tobacco

force is required