does cigarette smoking help inflammatory bowel and colorectal neoplasia in patients with disease: Dose‐effect relationship - Wijnands - 2023 - United European Gastroenterology Journal Caffeine and IBD Risk: A
Caffeine and IBD Risk: A MetaAnalysis Wu 2026 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Wiley Online Library Health effects of smoking tobacco Wikipedia An Updated Review of Nicotine in Gastrointestinal Diseases Smoking affects gut immune system of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases by modulating metabolomic profiles and mucosal microbiota Gut Smoking may cause inflammatory bowel disease Divergent Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Innate Immunity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nicotine Infection Interaction
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