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2009, Seo and Torabi 2007)

Trapped between nicotine's two-hour elimination half-life and a gradually escalating need to smoke harder or more, the dependent smoker faces five primary recovery hurdles: (1) appreciation for where they now find themselves, (2) reclaiming their hijacked dopamine pathways, (3) breaking and extinguishing smoking cues, (4) abandoning smoking rationalizations, and (5) relapse prevention

If ineffective, they may need a replacement

This then leads to nausea, coughing, and dizziness

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In the next year (1999), under the business tie-up between JT and Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd