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Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women

Investigation 102 (5), 10161023

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With both spread pricing and rebate retention, PBMs retain a portion of the fees paid to them and do not pass those on to clients. These practices incentivize more expensive medications, thereby generating higher revenue for PBMs and potentially inflated drug prices for patients. Additionally, as can be seen in Figure 19, there is limited competition within the PBM market, with three PBMs managing approximately 80 percent of all prescription claims in 2024

from 2000 to 2010 actually found an increase in use, especially of snuff

Joseph McClernon, director of Duke's addiction division in the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences