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The leading cause of COPD is cigarette smoking, which is responsible for approximately 85 90% of all COPD cases. However, non smokers can develop COPD too, often due to prolonged exposure to environmental Smoking is the major cause of COPD and lung cancer. Oxidants in Download Scientific Diagram Smoking and emphysema: the stress connection Nature Medicine Does Smoking Cause COPD? Inogen Smoking Cessation for COPD: Benefits & Tips The pathogenesis of COPD. Cigarette smoke activates macrophages (1), Download Scientific Diagram
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