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Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity is a key indicator of overall cellular health and energy (ATP)-producing potential [48], and thus, to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on the cellular energy phenotype of endometrial stem cells, we performed kinetic analysis of mitochondrial respiration using a Seahorse XF analyzer (Agilent), which provides quantitative real-time measurements of the oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of live cells [49]

For those who appreciate quality and authenticity, cigars stand as a refined indulgence that transcends mere smoking, embodying a rich heritage of culture and craftsmanship.

Tobacco became a global commodity in the 20th century, with transnational corporations such as Philip Morris, British American Tobacco, and Japan Tobacco dominating the industry

Transition proteins TNPs and their involvement in sperm cell health have been subject in several studies [98, 99]

Furthermore, in the context of the vaping epidemic among adolescents, whether there are similar neurobehavioural mechanisms between neurodevelopment and e-cigarette use needs further investigation