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The Roswell eND scale: Brief, valid assessment of nicotine dependence adults seeking to discontinue e cigarette use ScienceDirect Vaping May Reduce Smoking Without Increasing Dependence Tobacco Reporter Popular electronic cigarette may deliver nicotine more effectively than others, researchers say Penn State Health News Validity and Reliability of Four Instruments for E Cigarette Dependence and Sensory Factors in E Cigarette Use and Correlations Between These Measurements Banu Aslan, Ozgur Onal, 2026 E cigarette use to reduce cigarette smoking may not increase nicotine dependence Penn State University Nicotine dependence and associated factors among persons who use electronic e cigarettes in Malaysia an online survey Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy Springer Nature Link

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