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State of Spine Surgery: A Think Tank

For example, testing for a chronic inflammatory response or autoimmune condition might explain fluctuations in blood counts (as would bleeding somewhere along the GI tract)

Arthritis Res Ther 15 , 221 (2013)

In the context of inflammatory skin diseases, oxidative stress can disrupt the skin's hydrolipid barrier, damage keratinocyte DNA, oxidize lipids in the stratum corneum, and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokinesinterleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin 33 (IL-33)in the dermis, promoting inflammation and exacerbating the disease (120)

FFQ, food frequency questionnaire

Immune modulation Recent studies increasingly recognize mtDNA mutations not only as indicators of metabolic dysregulation but also as active regulators of immune signaling within the TME, exerting context-dependent effects that can enhance antitumor immunity while simultaneously facilitating immune evasion [282]