Contents Historical background Importance of glycolysis Anaerobic glycolysis Glycolysis in glucose-dependent cells Aerobic glycolysis Sources of building blocks Sequence of reactions Reaction 1 Energetics and irreversibility Reaction 2 Mechanism and importance Reaction 3 PP i -dependent phosphofructokinase Reaction 4 Energetics and reversibility Reaction 5 Energetics and metabolic relevance Reaction 6 Mechanism and energetics Reaction 7 Energetics and reversibility Coupling with reaction 6 Reaction 8 Mechanism and significance 2,3-BPG and the RapoportLuebering shunt Reaction 9 Phosphoryl transfer potential and tautomerization Reaction 10 Energetics and reversibility Fate of NADH and pyruvate Lactic acid fermentation Fate of lactic acid Alcoholic fermentation Fate of pyruvate and NADH under aerobic conditions Anabolic fates of pyruvate Glycolysis and ATP production Free energy changes of glycolytic reactions ATP production under anaerobic conditions ATP production under aerobic conditions Feeder pathways of glycolysis Glycogen and starch Fructose Fructose and hexokinase Sorbitol Galactose Mannose Regulation of glycolysis Hexokinase Kinetic properties of hexokinase isoenzymes Regulation of the activity of hexokinases IIII Coordination of hexokinase and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle Hepatic glucokinase Kinetic and functional properties Regulation by glucokinase regulatory protein Physiological significance Regulation of phosphofructokinase-1 activity What allosteric effectors signal How this happens Why ADP isnt a positive effector of PFK-1 Role of hydrogen ions Role of citrate Regulation of PFK-1 and FBPase-1 in the liver Role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate Role of xylulose 5-phosphate Regulation of pyruvate kinase activity Allosteric regulation Covalent regulation in the liver References Historical background The development of biochemistry progressed in parallel with the study of glucose metabolism, particularly glycolysis, the first metabolic pathway to be fully elucidated
Simultaneously, the process of aging precipitates a phenomenon known as inflammaging, characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition mediated by heightened concentrations of IL-6, TNF-, and CRP, which disrupt anabolic signaling pathways, including mTOR, and inhibit MPS (12, 90)
Timber Press, Portland, pp 225228 Rani A, Kiranbabu T (2017) Screening sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm for thermotolerance
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Preventive Effect of Ordinary and Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrums on Mice Diabetes Induced by Alloxan
(2000), where no associations between DN and genotype null were observed
