glutathione reduction of pooh Oxidation-reduction pathway reduced (GSH) and oxidized Glutathione System from Cyanobacteria to

IBMX and DEX were omitted after 3 days

Mitophagy can directly clear the damaged mitochondria if it is not able to be repaired

Mitochondria consume over 90% of the oxygen used by cells which makes them especially vulnerable to oxidative free radical damage. Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 provides additional antioxidant power because it also helps recycle antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E to their active forms

(PubMed) Staba EJ, Lash L, Staba JE

While neither ginger nor curcumin specifically targets kidney function, their general anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties could offer broad protection to the kidneys, demonstrated by the lower levels of urea and creatinine in dialysis patients treated with ginger [101]

Peptide Res