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ATP and glutamate released via astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels mediate neuronal death through activation of pannexin 1 hemichannels

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This study aimed to clarify the molecular and biochemical changes in the hippocampus induced by SAE through multi-omics integration (proteomics and metabolomics), thereby providing a theoretical basis for improved neuroprotective strategies

Future research should focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases to identify more effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets

Detailed discussion of these pathways goes beyond the scope of this article, and the following serves as an overview and highlight of recent in-depth reviews on this topic

This steep Ca 2+ gradient creates a strong driving force for Ca 2+ entry and is maintained by the low Ca 2+ permeability of the resting erythrocyte and high Ca 2+ -extruding capacity through a Ca 2+ ATPase and Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger in the cell membrane