Additionally, certain variants in genes related to antioxidant response, such as the catalase (CAT) gene and the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) gene, have been associated with increased susceptibility to vitiligo.67,69,70 Furthermore, vitiligo has been associated with defective recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH4), essential for melanin formation, leading to an excess of 7BH4 and inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
Moreover, the gut-muscle axis is being elucidated, with evidence suggesting that gut-derived hormones like Ghrelin may not only stimulate appetite but also have direct anti-inflammatory and anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, with potential secondary benefits for vascular health (133) (As shown in Figure 5 )
Any short-term improvement is often linked to the placebo effect or improved hydration rather than a true physiological change
2018;28(1):9-21.[DOI] 38
Seeds work: Intranasal administration Selank nasal spray is the delivery method preferred by most researchers
Central nervous system Several Sikiric studies have reported neuroprotective effects in models of stroke, spinal cord injury, and neuroinflammation
