In the cell, 90% of GSH is located in the cytoplasm, 1012% in the mitochondria, and a small percentage in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ( The -glutamatyl cycle or Meister cycle initially proposed in the 60s described the synthesis and breakdown of GSH, making it a strong cysteine donor in physiological and pathological conditions ( de novo synthesis of GSH by cancer cells occurs as follows: GSH is first exported from the cell of origin via transporters known as Multiresistance Drug Proteins (MRPs), which belongs to the ATP binding cassette (ABC)s transporter family and is well-known player in cancer resistance mechanisms ( via the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter family member PEPT2 ( via a specific transporter remains unclear ( Besides ATF4, another transcription factor that regulates xCT expression is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) via the antioxidant response element (ARE) present in the promoter region of xCT gene ( 2+ )
CrossRef 21,340 View 222 Download 45 Web of Science 58 Crossref Focused Review Series: Advanced Endoscopic Treatment for Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Endoscopic Ablation Therapy for Biliopancreatic Malignancies Jason Roque, Shiaw-Hooi Ho, Nageshwar Reddy, Khean-Lee Goh Clin Endosc 2015;48(1):15-19
KRAS -mutant cells can be particularly dependent on glutamine as a carbon source to fuel the TCA cycle and as a nitrogen source for nucleotide, hexosamine and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) biosynthesis (Toda et al., 2016)
Hennion M, Arbona JM, Cruaud C, et al
One of its key functions is its involvement in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which works in tandem with glutathione to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage
Cutting edge: mitochondrial assembly of the NLRP3 Inflammasome complex is initiated at priming
