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Although TRX and GRX both control the redox state of thiol groups of cysteinyl side chains, their simultaneous presence in cells suggests different functions for each protein (248)

Theoretically, the export of both types substrates is possible from chloroplasts as the transamination (and also deamination reactions) of keto acids could be catalyzed by both chloroplastidic BCAT3 ( in vitro were not successful till now, as the direct measurements of transport of these substrates in artificial membranes is problematic due to higher hydrophobicity of substrates leading to unspecific membrane binding and permeation, which override the specific transport events ( PAPS/PAP ANTIPORTER IN CHLOROPLASTS Along with the BAT5, which exchanges 2-keto acids between chloroplast and the cytoplasm, the chloroplastidic transporter of activated sulfate (PAPS), which is essential for the sulfation of GSLs, flavonols, peptides, and other sulfated compounds in the cytoplasm has been recently identified ( Figures 1 and 2 , transporter 5)

To view a copy of this licence, visit About this article Cite this article Sengupta, P., Dutta, S

J Biol Chem (1987) 262:6606

doi: 10.5455/javar.2020.g414 83 McCollumM