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Abbreviations ACh: acetyl choline AGEs: advances glycation endproducts ALP: alkaline phosphatase ALT: alanine aminotransferase AST: aspartate aminotransferase ATF4: activating transcription factor 4 BACE1: b-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 Bax: bcl-2-associated X Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2 BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages BrdU: bromodeoxyuridine CAT: catalase CEL: Ne-(carboxyethyl)lysine ChE: cholinesterase CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein CMA: Ne-(carboxymethyl)arginine CML: Ne-(carboxymethyl)lysine Col V: collagen V COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2 CTGF: connective tissue growth factor CVA16: Coxsackie virus A group 16 strain Cyt c: cytochrome C DCs: dendritic cells E2: 17-estradiol E3: estrone ECE: endothelin converting enzyme ECM: extracellular matrix ER + : estrogen receptor-positive ERK1/2: extracellular-signal-related kinase 1/2 ET-1: endothelin-1 FN: fibronectin GAP-43: growth-associated protein-43 GCMS: gas chromatographymass spectrometry GPX: glutathione peroxidase GSH: glutathione GSP: glycated serum protein GSSG: glutathione disulfide HK-2: human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells HO-1: heme oxygenase-1 HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase IFN: interferon IL: interleukin JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase LPS: lipopolysaccharide MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 MDA: malondialdehyde MITF-M: microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential NF-kB: nuclear factor-kappa B NFATc1: nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 NGF: nerve growth factor NO: nitric oxide OSCAR: osteoclast-associated receptor OVA: ovalbumin p -eIF2: p -eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha PAECs: pulmonary artery endothelial cells PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PERK: protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase PGE 2 : prostaglandin E 2 PLB: phospholamban p.o.: per os RAGE: receptor of AGE RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand ROS: reactive oxygen species SERCA2a: sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase 2a SOD: superoxide dismutase SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1 SREBP-1&2: sterol regulatory element binding protein-1&2 STIM1: sensor protein stromal interaction molecule 1 STZ: streptozotocin SYP: synaptophysin TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance TC: triglyceride TG: total cholesterol TGF: transforming growth factor TNF-: tumor necrosis factor- TRAP: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase Trk A: tyrosine receptor kinase A TRP-1&2: tyrosinase-related protein-1&2 VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor References Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission

URL [36]. Aurina Arnatkeviciute, Ross D

10.3389/fphar.2020.00199 9 DingH.JiangM.LiD.ZhaoY.YuD.ZhangR.et al (2021)

In particular, as the most redox active organelle, mitochondria contain 10-15% of total cellular GSH 9