Type 1 or type 2 errors in studies of TSPO-binding PET radioligand uptake in brain could potentially be explained by the following methodological confounds: Standard neuroimaging techniques were not designed for brainstem study The first-generation radioligand PK11195 has high non-specific binding and low signal-to-background ratio PET signal calculated with an anatomical reference brain region relies on equal radioligand uptake in that region across cases and controls Radioligand access to brain is modified by general metabolism, which can differ across cases and controls Activated peripheral immune cells bind radioligand and can differ in quantity across cases and controls A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TSPO gene causes differential radioligand binding Use of healthy controls harms discriminant validity Here, we will address each of these issues and describe solutions
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1547992 Received 19 December 2024 Accepted 02 May 2025 Published 26 May 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Omowumi Adewale, Osun State University, Nigeria Reviewed by Gopal Patel, Lakshmi Narain College of Pharmacy, India Miguel Pereira-Silva, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States Updates Copyright 2025 Deng, Wei, Han, Li, Xu, Zhang and Zhang
In addition, miR-155 downregulates STAT3 and SOCS1 in mouse macrophages, resulting in the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1b and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [41]
sativa oil-treated groups, a significant reduction in serum MDA levels was evident compared to the BPH group
10.1038/s41397-024-00326-1 29 ChuA.WadhwaR
Ding and H
