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Abbreviations MASLD: Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease LA: Lipoic acid AFLD: Alcoholic fatty liver disease HFD: High-fat diet MCD: Methionine- and choline-deficient diet BBR: Berberine LASY: LA synthase DH-LA: Dihydro LA OGDC: Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex PDHC: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex BCKDC: Branched-chain -ketoacid dehydrogenase complex -GCL: -Glutamylcysteine synthetase NQO-1: NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase 1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase RNS: Reactive nitrogen species NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B ERK 1/2: Extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 PKC: Protein kinase C MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase T2DM: Diabetes mellitus type 2 TG: Triglycerides HTG: Hypertriglyceridemia Fgf21: Fibroblast growth factor-21 Ppar: Peroxisome proliferatorsactivated receptor alpha acox1: Acyl coenzyme A oxidase cpt1a and cpt2: Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a and 2 rxra: Recombinant retinoid X receptor a abca1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 FAS: Fatty acid synthase SREBP1c: Pklr1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 Lxra: Liver X receptor a AST: Aspartate aminotransferase PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids MDA: Malondialdehyde ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACLY: ATP-citrate lyase -GCS: -Glutamyl cysteine synthase GSH: Glutathione THRb: Thyroid hormone receptor beta HMGB-1: High-mobility group protein box-1 TLR-4: Toll-like receptor-4 VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 HMG-CoAr: Hepatic cholesterol synthesis enzyme Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor 2 ATGL: Adipose triacylglycerol lipase SP1: Specific protein 1 PA: Palmitic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species GPx: Glutathione peroxidase STZ: Streptozotocin SOD: Superoxide dismutase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-6: Interleukin-6 CPT-1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor FASN: Fatty acid synthase IRS: Insulin receptor substrates References Z

However, further research using animal models is needed to evaluate the potential of B12 as an epidrug for in vivo modulation of peripheral biomarkers associated with persistent VCD in long COVID and to determine whether this contributes to neuroprotection

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It is not a dietary supplement, drug, or food item, and it is not intended for human or animal consumption or in vivo testing

10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.021 133 XuX.HuangE.LuoB.CaiD.ZhaoX.LuoQ.et al (2018)