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Abbreviations ACI: Autologous chondrocyte implantation Ad: Adenoviral AAV: Adeno-associated virus AD-MSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived MSCs BMP: Bone morphogenic protein CaAb: Cartilage-targeted single-chain human antibody fragment ECM: Extracellular matrix ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase HIF-1: Hypoxia inducible factor-1 IGF: Insulin-like growth factor IGF1R: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IRS: Insulin receptor-substrate IL: Interleukin KGN: Kartogenin MACI: Matrix-induced ACI MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MMP: Matrix metalloproteinases MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells NPs: Nanoparticles OA: Osteoarthritis PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase SF: Synovial fluid OPF: Oligo (polyethylene glycol) fumarate TGF-1: Transforming growth factor-1 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha Xp-HB-IGF-1: Heparin bound to IGF-1 RA: Rheumatoid arthritis FOXO: Forkhead-box class O SA--gal: Senescence-associated -galactosidase References Trippel S, et al

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These substances remain in the intravascular space longer than crystalloids, making them effective as plasma volume expanders

The FDA categorizes oral glutathione as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)