Abbreviations PD: Parkinsons disease -syn: Alpha-synuclein GI: Gastrointestinal CNS: Central nervous system ENS: Enteric nervous system DBS: Deep brain stimulation FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation SNpc: Substantia nigra pars compacta 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Paraquat: 1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride Maneb: Manganese ethylene-1,2-bisdithiocarbamate MSA: Multiple system atrophy EOPD: Early onset Parkinsons disease ROS: Reactive oxygen species OS: Oxidative stress LRRK2 : Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 LRR: Leucine-rich repeats Roc : Ras of complex proteins COR: C-terminal of Roc WT: Wild type CR: Calretinin CB: Calbindin MPP+: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium ion RNA: Ribonucleic acid DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid BBB: Blood-brain barrier EBDC: ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate DA: Dopamine MAO: Monoamine oxidases NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate LB : Lewy bodies DLB: Dementia with Lewy bodies LNs: Lewy neurites vSNARE: (v)-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor SV: Synaptic vesicle VMAT2: Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase L-DOPA : L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine AADC: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase DAT: Dopamine transporter DBH: Dopamine -hydroxylase CRE: cAMP response element NET: Norepinephrine transporter SERT: Serotonin transporter CMA: Chaperone-mediated autophagy TKO: Triple knockout PFF: Preformed fibrils NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate EAAT1: Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 AMPA: -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid VGLUT: Vesicular glutamate transporter GLP-1 : Glucagon-like peptide 1 EECs: Enteroendocrine cells IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome ASD: Autism spectrum disorder AD: Alzheimers disease ANS: Autonomic nervous system IECs: Intestinal epithelial cells DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium SIBO: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth CCR2: Chemokine receptor type 2 LPS: Lipopolysaccharide IL-1 : Interleukin-1 IFN- : Interferon-gamma LBP: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein SCFAs: Short chain fatty acids TLR4 : Toll-like receptor 4 NaB: Sodium butyrate HDACi: Histone deacetylase inhibitor TPH1: Tryptophan hydroxylase ECs: Enterochromaffin cells FFAR: Free fatty acid receptors GPCRs: G-protein-coupled receptors SSRIs : Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid BAs: Bile acids FXR: Farnesoid X receptor TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 GPX: Glutathione peroxidase UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid RCTs : Randomized controlled trials GLP-1 : Glucagon-like peptide-1 NAD+ : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NR: Nicotinamide riboside GPi: Globus pallidus interna STN: Subthalamic nucleus iPSCs : Induced pluripotent stem cells siRNA: Small interfering RNA ASO: Antisense oligonucleotide References W Poewe K Seppi CM Tanner GM Halliday P Brundin J Volkmann AE Schrag AE Lang 2017 Parkinson disease Nat Rev Dis Primers 3 17013 A
Length 14.37" Long x 10.43" wide x 3.25" high (36.5 cm x 26.5 cm x 8.25 cm)
Rats were placed on a shelf with the tail immersed in a test tube containing saline for 10 min at 37 C
Not a medicine, food, cosmetic, or dietary supplement
C.SchmidtK.PfeifferS.MayerB
A comprehensive review of contents, toxic effects, metabolisms, and environmental behaviors of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants
