It has been suggested that oxidative stress might worsen the complications of diabetes,[] whereas antioxidants may alleviate and impede mechanisms that cause diabetes at an early stage.[] L-carnitine is an amino acid-based substance that has an important role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids through the internal mitochondrial membrane.[ , , ] In tissues such as skeletal muscle and heart, which use fatty acids as the main fuel, it can be seen in high concentrations.[] Additionally, as literature suggests, in individuals with diabetes, plasma L-carnitine concentrations are low.[] In addition, abnormal metabolism of carnitine has been reported in individuals with diabetes, and the higher prevalence of carnitine deficiency in muscle tissues of PAD patients has also been observed.[ , , ] Carnitine deficiency has been shown to correlate with cardiomyopathy.[] Therefore, decreased carnitine levels may impair myocardial function.[ , ] It has been suggested that L-carnitine, especially with its antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects, may be able to reduce atherosclerotic lesions.[ , ] Moreover, oxidation of lipids accelerates the formation of free radicals, thus carnitine may prevent oxidative stress by inhibiting the peroxidation of membranes fatty acids.[] So, due to limited amounts of L-carnitine, fatty acids cannot enter the mitochondria to oxidize and produce ATP
957 Treatment of cocaine abuse with agonists such as methylphenidate has been attempted, but with litle success except in patients with attention deficit disorders
One of these is a blood test for homocysteine
Dietary Approach to Attenuate Oxidative Stress, Hypertension, and Inflammation in the Cardiovascular System
Vitamin B12 helps the body to produce healthy red blood cells, convert food into energy, and protect our nervous systems from damage
Duong, H
