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doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S489323 76 ZhaoDNongJLiXTanJLiaoRChenQet al

In addition to these epidemiological and clinical observations, experimental confirmation in preclinical PD models, demonstrated that renal dysfunction directly promotes neurodegeneration by impairing the clearance of circulating syn, thereby validating the kidneybrain axis hypothesis [149]

M., Dai, Q., Alman, B

Although these inconcistencies are present, they do not hinder the validity of the AOP in its biological plausibility or empirical analsysis

Probiotics Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts

Evidence of Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitophagy from patient iPSC-derived neurons Although mutations in Parkin or PINK1 were found to compromise mitophagy in cultured cells and animal models, direct pathological evidence is still lacking if the same mutations would impair mitophagy and if such defect is the key factor for the loss of DA neurons in vivo or in PD patients 49