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Abbreviations AC: Adenocarcinoma AIE: Aggregation-Induced Emission AKT: Protein Kinase B ARE: Antioxidant Response Element BSA: Bovine Serum Albumin BSO: Buthionine Sulfoximine CAT: Catalase CDT: Chemodynamic Therapy Ce6: Chlorin e6 CPT: Camptothecin CuNCs: Copper Nanoclusters DDS: Drug Delivery System DOX: Doxorubicin DSBR: Double-Strand Break Repair DSBs: Double-Strand DNA Breaks EBRT: External Beam Radiotherapy EMT: EpithelialMesenchymal Transition ERK: Extracellular SignalRegulated Kinase GPx/GPX4: Glutathione Peroxidase/Glutathione Peroxidase 4 GSR/GR: Glutathione Reductase GSTs: Glutathione S-Transferases Hcy: Homocysteine HIF-1: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha HRR: Homologous Recombination Repair ICD: Immunogenic Cell Death IDH1/IDH2: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1/2 IDO-1: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 IR806-PDA: Photoacoustic Probe IR806-Pyridinedithioethylamine JNK: C-Jun N-terminal Kinase KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1 LCC: Large Cell Carcinoma ME1: Malic Enzyme 1 MONs: Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging MSNs: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles mTOR: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin MMP: Matrix Metalloproteinase NHEJ: Non-Homologous End Joining NF-B: Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Activated B cells NO: Nitric Oxide Radical NRF2/Nrf2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 NSCLC: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer PA: Photoacoustic PDT: Photodynamic Therapy PEG: Polyethylene Glycol PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase PPP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway PTT: Photothermal Therapy PTEN: Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog RAS: Rat Sarcoma Oncogene ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species RNS: Reactive Nitrogen Species SDT: Sonodynamic Therapy SeSe: Diselenide Linkage SOD: Superoxide Dismutase SS: Disulfide Linkage TME: Tumor Microenvironment TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor TRX/Trx: Thioredoxin TrxR: Thioredoxin Reductase References Arfin S, Jha NK, Jha SK, Kesari KK, Ruokolainen J, Roychoudhury S, et al

Baillargeon, J

In this review, we summarize the mechanism(s) involved at each step of glutamine metabolism, from glutamine transporters to redox homeostasis, and highlight areas that can be exploited for clinical cancer treatment