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10.1242/jeb.050112 J

Current Drug Targets

Gdap1-null motor neurons display a fragile cell phenotype prone to early degeneration showing (1) altered mitochondrial morphology, with an increase in the fragmentation of these organelles, (2) activation of autophagy and mitophagy, (3) abnormal metabolism, characterized by a downregulation of Hexokinase 2 and ATP5b proteins, (4) increased reactive oxygen species and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential, and (5) increased innate immune response and p38 MAP kinase activation

Immune system-mediated ovarian regeneration and energy metabolism regulated by creatine metabolism were suggested as novel potential mechanisms

(Gut 1996

Animal studies further revealed a marked reduction in goblet cells in germ-free mice (64)