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The asexual stages acquire up to 75% of host Hb and degrade it in the FV, releasing amino acids in millimolar concentrations that are far more than the requirement for protein synthesis

HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1) promotes macrophage necroptosis by regulating miR-210 and miR-383

while the incorporated quantum dots amplify nanoenzyme effects, significantly reducing renal ROS levels and improving mitochondrial energy metabolism, thereby delaying glomerulosclerosis (Zhang et al., 2024b)

Allergic responses involve mast cells, histamine, inflammatory messengers, and oxidative stress

The highest concentration (around 80 %) is found in skeletal muscle

CD8 + Tc are the main cellular immune population that governs viral clearance 30,31