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Further, targeted metabolomics and isotope tracing experiments uncovered GGCT as a metabolic orchestrator to prioritize Gln to GSH flux for antioxidant defense, while activating glucose (Glc)-fueled anaplerosis to replenish TCA intermediates to fuel proliferation

Therefore, research on carnitines in biochemistry and metabolomics has been a hot topic for scientists

SLC25A51 is a mammalian mitochondrial NAD+ transporter

This discovery propelled the exploration of the critical role played by glutamine in the functioning and activation of immune cells

Hypoxia and immunosuppressive factors in the TME can impair DC function, whereas autophagy maintains DC activity through multiple mechanisms: on one hand, it degrades senescent mitochondria and damaged proteins within DCs, preserving energy homeostasis and reducing ROS-induced apoptosis to safeguard DC numbers