glutathione saladin Mkadi GlutaNAD+ L and NAD+ Complex Glutathione salvage pathway . Glutathione

Lawrenson and Grzybowski (39) have also shown that a diet containing antioxidants can delay the progression of cataracts

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration

Although cells possess detoxification routes (e.g., ALDH2, AKR, GSTA4), these pathways often become saturated or imbalanced under stress, facilitating pathological 4-HNE accumulation (Srivastava et al., 2002

Choudhury, A

JM and WX modified and adjusted the figures, ensuring their accuracy and clarity

Given that observational studies have yielded controversial data regarding the neuroprotective effects of different drugs and immunomodulators (123128), randomized, controlled trials are needed to better decipher which drugs have distinct neuroprotective effects in PD