8th edition) Cells have defense system to prevent free radical injury Normally free radicals are neutralized by anti oxidant enzymes and substances like Superoxide dismutase present in cytoplasm and produced by mitochondria Catalase produced by peroxisomes Glutathione peroxidase produced by mitochondria and present in cytoplasm Vitamin C in cytoplasm Ferritin and Ceruloplasmin present in cytoplasm Levels of active forms of iron and copper are minimized by binding of ions to storage and transport proteins like transferrin, ferritin, ceruloplasmin there by minimizing the formation of hydroxyl ion Vitamins E, A and Carotene in the plasma membrane and cell membrane of organelles An imbalance between free radical generating & radical scavenging systems results in oxidative stress Fenton reaction Oxygen is converted into superoxide (O 2 ) by oxidative enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plasma membrane, peroxisomes and cytosol Superoxide (O 2 ) is converted into Hydrogen peroxide by dismutation
10 The standard supplement dose is 2 g taken twice daily (4 g total) for at least 3 months
10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304 25 GilchristM.ShoreA
10.1111/apha.13080 Summary Keywords beetroot supplement, resistance exercise, skeletal muscle, nitrate, O 2 cost, dietary supplements, endurance exercise Citation Arazi H and Eghbali E (2021) Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature
doi: 10.3322/caac.21834
4 Crosstalk of ferroptosis with other programmed cell death modalities After clarifying the mechanisms and multifaceted destructive effects of ferroptosis in periodontitis, it is important to recognize that this process does not occur in isolation
