Rather than an extensive literature review, we focused on recent studies on schizophrenia patients and animal models that are relevant for supporting the glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis
Although delivered to nonhepatic tissues, expression was only detected in the liver
Primary research: Anxiety, cognitive enhancement, immune modulation Mechanism: Enhances GABA signaling, increases BDNF expression, modulates enkephalin metabolism Administration: Intranasal for rapid absorption Regulatory status: Returned to Category 1 compounding status in February 2026 For the full research breakdown, see our Selank peptide benefits guide
Retrieved from: Rme, C A et al
G.EllisD
Retinol (pure Vitamin A) is probably the most proven anti-aging ingredient available OTC It has to be converted in the skin to retinoic acid to work its magic Once converted, it has the same effect as all-trans-retinoic acid, aka tretinoin A generally accepted ballpark number is that retinol is 10-to-20 times less potent than retinoic acid It makes skin less wrinkled, smoother, firmer and tighter It might also be helpful for acne prone skin as it normalizes keratinization and makes the pores produce less sebum Possible side effects and irritation are also much less than with retinoic acid Do not use whilst pregnant A multi-functional skincare superstar with several proven benefits for the skin Great anti-aging, wrinkle smoothing ingredient used at 4-5% concentration Fades brown spots alone or in combination with amino sugar, acetyl glucosamine Increases ceramide synthesis that results in a stronger, healthier skin barrier and better skin hydration Can help to improve several skin conditions including acne, rosacea, and atopic dermatitis The oil coming from the seeds of dog-rose , a wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia
