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Kinetic parameters were determined using LineweaverBurk plots using KaleidaGraph 4 (Synergy Software, least squares best fit of data and varying concentrations of one substrate while maintaining the concentration of other substrates

Theranostics (2020) 10(11):510719

Molecular mechanisms of cutaneous ageing To interpret the effects of dermatological peptides, the molecular alterations of cutaneous ageing must be understood: Intrinsic ageing (chronological) Decreased collagen synthesis by fibroblasts (1% per year after 30) AGE accumulation (Advanced Glycation End-products) by non-enzymatic glycation Fibroblastic senescence with SASP (Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype), chronic pro-inflammatory secretion Dermal atrophy , reduced vascularisation, loss of subcutaneous adipocytes Extrinsic ageing (photoageing) UV-B damage : cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, keratinocyte DNA alteration UV-A and oxidative stress : ROS, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation MMP overexpression (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9) via AP-1 activation, degrading collagen and elastin Solar elastosis : accumulation of degraded and dystrophic elastin in the dermis Dermatological peptides act at different levels of these cascades: anabolic stimulation (GHK-Cu, Matrixyl), catabolic inhibition (MMP modulation), anti-oxidant protection (GHK-Cu), inflammatory signalling modulation

Only when insulin was given back to where it was missing, the portal vein, did serum IGF-1 levels normalize

Revel in the transformation as your skin undergoes a gradual yet remarkable lightning process, ensuring a long-lasting glow that stands the test of time

B12 requirements increase during both stages