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Methimazole is metabolized through cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes35,36 and flavoprotein mixed-function oxidase (FMO).37,38 Methimazole metabolism through CYP450 enzymes gives N-methylthiourea and glyoxal as two major metabolites.36 Nmethylthiourea is further oxidized with FMO enzyme to give sulfinic and sulfenic acid species.38 Glyoxal, is a reactive compound capable of interacting with different intracellular targets, such as proteins.39 Sulfenic acids are high electrophilic species that form irreversible adduct with cellular nucleophilic sites,40 and may have a role in methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity

In conclusion, investigating the comorbidity of chronic constipation and depression from the MGBA perspective would contribute to a deeper understanding of disease pathophysiology and provide scientific evidence for developing innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, with the potential to contribute significantly to improving patient outcomes, enhancing quality of life, and reducing healthcare burdens

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GLP-1 receptors are expressed in neurons of rodents, primates, and humans (Merchenthaler et al., 1999)

Much of the current literature on this peptide focuses on receptor binding and downstream metabolic signaling rather than on isolated fat-cell activity