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Mitochondrial fission is promoted by the activation and translocation of dynamin-related protein 1, whereas mitochondrial fusion is mediated by optic atrophy 1, whose function may be disrupted by proteolytic cleavage, OPA1 is repressed by proteolysis, leading to dysregulation of mitochondrial fusion

Oocyte apoptosis can be reduced by treatment with an Abl activity blocker (18)

Emerging research suggests that a decline in glutathione levels might precede GPX4 inactivation, further weakening the antioxidative defenses, escalating lipid ROS accumulation, and driving ferroptosis [16]

To further characterize caffeine-alcohol interaction, we focused our research on the potential ability of caffeine to affect the neurophysiological and neurochemical processes underlying the reinforcing properties of alcohol

They contribute to the maintenance of mitochondrial function and cell viability by scavenging free radicals or safeguarding them through enzymatic reactions

CDs exhibit small size, larger surface-to-volume area, active edges, fluorescent properties, strong absorption, resistance to photo-decomposition, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and enhanced catalytic activity (Figure 1