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For example, after 8 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise, sedentary women showed an increase in M2 markers (such as Dectin-1 and IL-10) and a decrease in M1 markers (such as MCP-1) on monocytes, thereby influencing macrophage polarization ( + /CD16 + monocytes in the peripheral blood of obese adults, reducing inflammatory monocyte infiltration into tissues (such as adipose tissue) and alleviating obesity-related chronic low-grade inflammation ( Although long-term endurance training and the late recovery phase after acute bouts tend to promote M2-like macrophage polarization, the early phase following acute exercise is dominated by the mobilization of pro-inflammatory monocytes and an increase in M1-like macrophage infiltration, particularly in skeletal muscle tissues ( While above human trials animal studies provide insights into the underlying mechanisms, similar effects on macrophage function have been observed in animal studies

Liu and H

Indeed, the stimulation of cancer cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- induces strong activation of NF-B-dependent survival genes 16

Life Sci 2025;362:123381

It is marketed as thymosin beta-4 (T4), a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering protein present in nearly all cell types and heavily involved in cell migration, angiogenesis, and tissue repair

DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2003.03104.x 32