4C, the known Nrf2 transcription of a target gene is shown by maximum immunostaining at 30 min for NQO1, NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, coincident with the nuclear localization of Nrf2 in hippocampal neurons
Collectively, these mechanisms enable avian erythrocytes to counteract pathogen invasion and maintain immune homeostasis ( Figure 1 )
AHR activation in keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, and fibroblasts upregulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides, promotes the synthesis of filaggrin and loricrin, induces the release of IL-22 and prostaglandin E2, and inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines [142,143,144]
Kory, N
10.3390/cells8070760 184 ReinhardS
AAM alternatively activated macrophage ACL ATP-dependent citrate lyase ADV adenovirus -KG -ketoglutarate AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase BA bacillary angiomatosis BMDM bone marrow-derived MP CaMKK Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase cDC conventional dendritic cell CH25H cholesterol-25 hydroxylase ChREBP carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein Cit citrate CL cholesterol DC dentritic cell DENV dengue virus EBV Epstein-Barr virus ENO phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase) ETC electron transport chain FA fatty acid FAO fatty acid oxidation FAS fatty acid synthesis FASN fatty acid synthase G6P glucose-6-phosphate GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GLS glutaminase GLUT glucose transporter HCMV human cytomegalovirus HCV hepatitis C virus HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 HIV human immuno deficiency virus HK hexokinase HSV herpes simplex virus HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells IAV influenza A virus IBP intracellular bacterial pathogen IDO indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 IFN interferon IL interleukin ISG interferon stimulated genes KS Kaposi's sarcoma KSHV Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus Kyn kynurenine LCMV lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus LCV Legionella -containing vacuole LD lipid droplets LPS lipopolysaccharide LpSpl Legionella pneumophila sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase MCMV murine cytomegalovirus mDAP meso-diaminopimelate MEF mouse embryonic fibroblast MHC major histocompatibility complex MO monocyte MP macrophage Mt Mycobacterium tuberculosis mTOR target of rapamycin mTORC1 target of rapamycin complex 1 MV measles virus Myc myelocytomatosis oncogene NFAT nuclear factor of activated T-cells NF-B nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells OAA oxaloacetate OXPHOS oxidative phosphorylation PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells PCV pathogen-containing vacuole pDC plasmacytoid dendritic cell PDK pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase PDPK1 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 PG peptidoglycan PI3K phosphoinositide-3-kinase PKM2 pyruvate kinase M2 polyI:C polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPP pentose phosphate pathway PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog Pyc pyruvate carboxylase RB retinoblastoma protein SCV Salmonella -containing vacuole SGLT1 sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 SIRT sirtuin SREBP sterol regulatory element-binding protein STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription STING stimulator of interferon genes Suc succinate SV40 simian virus 40 TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle TLR Toll-like receptor TSC tuberous sclerosis complex Vpr viral protein VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
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